Can prostate cancer be prevented?

Because the exact cause of prostate cancer is not understood, it is not known if it is possible to prevent it either. The major risk factors—age, race, and family history—cannot be changed. But some of the less well established risk factors can be modified, and may have a preventive effect. Most of these involve the diet or dietary supplements. A diet with plenty of tomato-based foods, especially cooked sauces and pastes, has been shown to reduce the risk. And a diet low in fat and consisting mostly of vegetables, fruits, and grains may also help prevent prostate cancer. The American Cancer Society recommends limiting high-fat foods, especially from animal sources, and consuming primarily foods from plant sources. Getting five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day is also emphasized to ensure an adequate amount of cancer fighting antioxidants and other phytochemicals. Breads, cereals, grain products, rice, pasta, and beans are also recommended. This approach to eating helps lower the risk for several types of cancer. The role of vitamin supplements in preventing prostate cancer is not clear, but some studies suggest that taking a daily vitamin E supplement may help. Other studies suggest that a selenium supplement may have a preventive role. The important thing is that, as long as reasonable doses are taken, there is little harm and expense, and there may be other positive effects to be gained. On the other hand, some studies suggest that taking vitamin A supplements may actually increase prostate cancer risk. As always, vitamin supplements should be used with caution, avoiding excessive doses. Regular exercise, maintaining a healthy body weight, not smoking, and not drinking too much alcohol are all healthy habits that may also have a beneficial effect on prostate cancer risk. Androgens are male hormones that promote the growth of normal as well as cancerous prostate cells, and are thought to be important in the development of prostate cancer. The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, currently underway, is investigating whether the medication, finasteride (Proscar®) can help prevent prostate cancer. It is a drug that blocks the effects of the main androgen, testosterone, and is widely used in men with BPH. Unfortunately, because prostate cancers usually develop so slowly, it will take years before results are available. For men at higher risk, early detection may be the most important part of prevention. For such men, finding and treating it early is the best way to prevent advanced disease and death from prostate cancer.