RealAge Test Resources and References |
To build the one-of-a-kind RealAge test, our RealAge experts reviewed over 25,000 medical studies and used the results of approximately 800 clinical trials in combination with statistical information from the U.S. Census Bureau and the National Center for Health Statistics. Below is a selection of these key primary references, as well as several credible resources on health, disease, and aging.
A variety of health-related factors from these trials were used to determine risk of mortality and RealAge, and to develop the personalized recommendations (presented at the end of each individual test) to live life to the youngest. Research is ongoing and the RealAge test is updated periodically to reflect critical new findings.
General Information on Health, Disease, and Aging
American Council on Exercise
American Diabetes Association
American Dietetic Association
American Heart Association
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Cancer Institute
National Center for Health Statistics
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
National Women's Health Information Center
U.S. Census Bureau
U.S. National Library of Medicine
Selected Primary Articles
Alcohol consumption and mortality among women. Fuchs, C. S., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Giovannucci, E. L., Manson, J. E., Kawachi, I., Hunter, D. J., Hankinson, S. E., Hennekens, C. H., Rosner, B., New England Journal of Medicine 1995 May 11;332(19):1245-1250. Erratum in: New England Journal of Medicine 1997 Feb 13;336(7):523.
Association of coffee and caffeine intake with the risk of Parkinson disease. Ross, G. W., Abbott, R. D., Petrovitch, H., Morens, D. M., Grandinetti, A., Tung, K. H., Tanner, C. M., Masaki, K. H., Blanchette, P. L., Curb, J. D., Popper, J. S., White, L. R., Journal of the American Medical Association 2000 May 24-31;283(20):2674-2679.
Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men. Blair, S. N., Kohl, H. W. III, Barlow, C. E., Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr., Gibbons, L. W., Macera, C. A., Journal of the American Medical Association 1995 Apr 12;273(14):1093-1098.
Comparison of past versus recent physical activity in the prevention of premature death and coronary artery disease. Sherman, S. E., D'Agostino, R. B., Silbershatz, H., Kannel, W. B., American Heart Journal 1999 Nov;138(5 Pt 1):900-907.
Coronary angioplasty versus coronary artery bypass surgery: the Randomized Intervention Treatment of Angina (RITA) trial. Lancet 1993 Mar 6;341(8845):573-580.
Coronary heart disease in women -- an ounce of prevention. Nabel, E. G., New England Journal of Medicine 2000 Aug 24;343(8):572-574.
Dental disease and risk of coronary heart disease and mortality. DeStefano, F., Anda, R. F., Kahn, H. S., Williamson, D. F., Russell, C. M., British Medical Journal 1993 Mar 13;306(6879):688-691.
Dietary diversity and subsequent cause-specific mortality in the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Kant, A. K., Schatzkin, A., Ziegler, R. G., Journal of the American College of Nutrition 1995 Jun;14(3):233-238.
Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: cohort follow up study in the United States. Ascherio, A., Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., Spiegelman, D., Stampfer, M., Willett, W. C.,
British Medical Journal 1996 Jul 13;313(7049):84-90.
The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. New England Journal of Medicine 1993 Sep 30;329(14):977-986.
Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing. Myers, J., Prakash, M., Froelicher, V., Do, D., Partington, S., Atwood, J. E., New England Journal of Medicine 2002 Mar 14;346(11):793-801.
Exercise capacity and the risk of death in women: the St James Women Take Heart Project. Gulati, M., Pandey, D. K., Arnsdorf, M. F., Lauderdale, D. S., Thisted, R. A., Wicklund, R. H., Al-Hani, A. J., Black, H. R., Circulation 2003 Sep 30;108(13):1554-1559. Epub 2003 Sep 15.
Family patterns of coronary heart disease mortality: the Framingham Longevity Study. Brand, F. N., Kiely, D. K., Kannel, W. B., Myers, R. H., Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1992 Feb;45(2):169-174.
Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing Physicians' Health Study. Steering Committee of the Physicians' Health Study Research Group. New England Journal of Medicine 1989 Jul 20;321(3):129-135.
Heart rate and cardiovascular mortality: the Framingham Study. Kannel, W. B., Kannel, C., Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr., Cupples, L. A., American Heart Journal 1987 Jun;113(6):1489-1494.
Intake of vitamins E, C, and A and risk of lung cancer. The NHANES I epidemiologic followup study. First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Yong, L. C., Brown, C. C., Schatzkin, A., Dresser, C. M., Slesinski, M. J., Cox, C. S., Taylor, P. R., American Journal Epidemiology 1997 Aug 1;146(3):231-243.
Long-term survival of medically treated patients in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) Registry. Emond, M., Mock, M. B., Davis, K. B., Fisher, L. D., Holmes, D. R. Jr., Chaitman, B. R., Kaiser, G. C., Alderman, E., Killip, T. III, Circulation 1994 Dec;90(6):2645-2457.
Mediterranean diet and all-causes mortality after myocardial infarction: results from the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Barzi, F., Woodward, M., Marfisi, R. M., Tavazzi, L., Valagussa, F., Marchioli, R., GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003 Apr;57(4):604-611.
Multivitamin use, folate, and colon cancer in women in the Nurses' Health Study. Giovannucci, E., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Hunter, D. J., Fuchs, C., Rosner, B. A., Speizer, F. E., Willett, W. C., Annals of Internal Medicine 1998 Oct 1;129(7):517-524.
NIH Consensus conference. Optimal calcium intake. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Optimal Calcium Intake. Journal of the American Medical Association 1994 Dec 28;272(24):1942-1948.
Nontraditional risk factors for coronary heart disease incidence among persons with diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Saito, I., Folsom, A. R., Brancati, F. L., Duncan, B. B., Chambless, L. E., McGovern, P. G., Annals of Internal Medicine 2000 Jul 18;133(2):81-91.
Parental survival, an independent predictor of longevity in middle-aged persons. Vandenbroucke, J. P., Matroos, A. W., van der Heide-Wessel, C., van der Heide, R. M., American Journal Epidemiology 1984 May;119(5):742-750.
Pet ownership, social support, and one-year survival after acute myocardial infarction in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST). Friedmann, E., Thomas, S. A., American Journal of Cardiology 1995 Dec 15;76(17):1213-1217.
Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. Stampfer, M. J., Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., New England Journal of Medicine 2000 Jul 6;343(1):16-22.
Prevention of falls among the elderly. Tinetti, M. E., Speechley, M., New England Journal of Medicine 1989 Apr 20;320(16):1055-1059.
Prognosis after first myocardial infarction. Comparison of Q-wave and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction in the Framingham Heart Study. Berger, C. J., Murabito, J. M., Evans, J. C., Anderson, K. M., Levy, D., Journal of the American Medical Association 1992 Sep 23-30;268(12):1545-1551.
A prospective study of diet quality and mortality in women. Kant, A. K., Schatzkin, A., Graubard, B. I., Schairer, C., Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000 Apr 26;283(16):2109-2115.
Relationship of baseline major risk factors to coronary and all-cause mortality, and to longevity: findings from long-term follow-up of Chicago cohorts. Stamler, J., Dyer, A. R., Shekelle, R. B., Neaton, J., Stamler, R., Cardiology 1993;82(2-3):191-222.
Restraint effectiveness, availability and use in fatal crashes: implications to injury control. Viano D. C., Journal of Trauma 1995 Apr;38(4):538-546.
Smoking: its influence on survival and cause of death. West, R. R., Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London 1992 Oct;26(4):357-366.
Survival and recurrence following stroke. The Framingham study. Sacco, R. L., Wolf, P. A., Kannel, W. B., McNamara, P. M., New England Journal of Medicine 1982 May-Jun;13(3):290-295.
Trends in the incidence of coronary heart disease and changes in diet and lifestyle in women. Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., Grodstein, F., Colditz, G. A., Speizer, F. E., Willett, W. C., New England Journal of Medicine 2000 Aug 24;343(8):530-537.
US mortality by economic, demographic, and social characteristics: the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Sorlie, P. D., Backlund, E., Keller, J. B., American Journal of Public Health 1995 Jul;85(7):949-956.
Vegetables, fruit, and colon cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Steinmetz, K. A., Kushi, L. H., Bostick, R. M., Folsom, A. R., Potter, J. D., American Journal of Epidemiology 1994 Jan 1;139(1):1-15.
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